Evidence-Based Peptide Research

Cagrilintide is an investigational, long-acting amylin analog developed by Novo Nordisk. Published structural and preclinical work identifies calcitonin and amylin receptor engagement, while Phase 1 through Phase 3 studies evaluate cagrilintide alone and with semaglutide as CagriSema.

DSIP is an endogenous nonapeptide first isolated from rabbit cerebral venous blood in 1974, with a broad research profile spanning sleep architecture, hypothalamic-pituitary signaling, neuroprotection, antioxidant defense, and cardioprotection. No approved clinical application exists; the evidence base remains predominantly preclinical.

Class overview of GH secretagogues (Sermorelin, Tesamorelin, CJC-1295, Ipamorelin, Hexarelin): shared mechanisms, receptor pharmacology, and compound-by-compound comparison.

Class overview of incretin mimetics (Semaglutide, Tirzepatide, Retatrutide): shared GLP-1 receptor pharmacology, dual and triple agonism, and clinical trajectory.

IGF-1 LR3 is a 83-residue IGFBP-resistant analog of human IGF-1, engineered to maximize receptor availability. Preclinical research spans skeletal muscle biology, fetal growth, neuroprotection, cardiovascular models, and cancer biology; no approved clinical indication currently exists.

Evidence-bounded overview of Epitalon, MOTS-c, SS-31, and peptide-adjacent NAD+ precursor research across aging biology, mechanisms, and human translation.

Melanocortin peptides are POMC-derived signals and synthetic analogs studied across five related receptors. Class membership depends on receptor pharmacology, not a shared metabolic outcome.

Class overview of nootropic peptides (Semax, Selank, DSIP): Russian-origin neuropeptides, melanocortin and GABAergic neuromodulation, and the cognition vs. sleep research split.

Retatrutide (LY3437943) is a once-weekly subcutaneous peptide developed by Eli Lilly that simultaneously activates GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors. It has progressed through Phase 2 trials demonstrating substantial weight reduction in obesity and glycemic improvement in type 2 diabetes, with Phase 3 programs underway.

Semaglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Novo Nordisk, approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management, with cardiovascular, renal, and neurological research programs ongoing.

A family-level guide to two biologically distinct thymosins: immune-oriented thymosin alpha-1 and actin-linked thymosin beta-4.

Tirzepatide (LY3298176) is a once-weekly subcutaneous dual agonist at the GIP and GLP-1 receptors, developed by Eli Lilly. It holds FDA approval for type 2 diabetes (Mounjaro, 2022) and obesity (Zepbound, 2023) and is supported by the extensive SURPASS and SURMOUNT Phase 3 clinical programs.

Evidence-bounded overview of BPC-157, TB-500, and GHK-Cu, three non-equivalent compounds grouped by repair-related research questions rather than by a shared receptor.